The resolution also called for an end to the proliferation of atomic weapons, but did not name either Iran or North Korea, which Western countries regard as the top atomic threats.
However, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy specifically called for tougher sanctions against Iran for defying UN demands to halt sensitive nuclear work.
Obama presided over the two-hour meeting at the UN headquarters in New York, the fifth time the Council has met at the head-of-state level and the first time it was chaired by a US president since its formation in 1946.
"I called for this so that we may address at the highest level a fundamental threat to the security of all peoples and all nations - the spread and use of nuclear weapons," Obama said, adding that the next year would be "absolutely critical" in determining whether efforts to stop the spread and use of nuclear weapons were successful.
The US-drafted resolution called for "further efforts in the sphere of nuclear disarmament" to achieve "a world without nuclear weapons" and urged countries that had not signed the 1970 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to do so.
Critics of the resolution said it failed to include mandatory provisions that would have required nuclear weapons states to take concrete disarmament steps.
Non-proliferation first priority
Chinese President Hu Jintao made clear that Beijing had no plans to scrap its nuclear arsenal. "We will continue to keep our nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for national security, and make efforts to advance the international disarmament process," Hu said.
Some UN diplomats said the nuclear powers were more interested in non-proliferation than disarming.
But Mohamed El-Baradei, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate head of the UN International Atomic Energy Agency, said non-proliferation and disarmament were inextricably linked.
"By demonstrating their irreversible commitment to achieving a world free from nuclear weapons the weapons states gain the moral authority to call on the rest of the world to curb the proliferation of these inhumane weapons."
Signatories to the Non-Proliferation Treaty without nuclear arsenals have complained for decades that the nuclear powers have failed to live up to their commitments while seeking to prevent other countries from joining the "nuclear club".
The US refrained from naming countries in the resolution to avoid disagreements with Russia and China, UN diplomats said. But Brown and Sarkozy had no such qualms in their speeches to the council.
"As evidence of its breach of international agreements grows, we must now consider far tougher sanctions together," Brown said.
"If we have the courage to affirm and impose sanctions together against those who violate resolutions of the Security Council, we will be lending credibility to our commitment toward a world with fewer nuclear weapons," Sarkozy said.
(EurActiv with Reuters.)
